Jens Stoltenberg, Secretarul General al NATO, a declarat, vineri, că Alianţa nu îşi doreşte un nou Război Rece cu Rusia, adăugând că susţine poziţia Marii Britanii în scandalul izbucnit după otrăvirea fostului spion rus Serghei Skripal în oraşul englez Salisbury, relatează France 24.
Stoltenberg a precizat că otrăvirea fostului spion rus se încadrează ”în tiparul unui comportament nesăbuit”, însă a atras atenţia că Marea Britanie şi Rusia trebuie să continue dialogul.
”Nu vrem un nou Război Rece. Nu vrem o nouă cursă a înarmărilor. Rusia este vecinul nostru şi, prin urmare, vom continua să căutăm să îmbunătăţim relaţiile cu ea”, a declarat Stoltenberg.
Secretarul General al NATO a precizat că în ultimii ani Occidentul a impus sancţiuni economice împotriva Rusiei şi a suplimentat numărul de trupe din estul Europei ca reacţie la ”schimbarea mediului de securitate din regiune”.
”Izolarea Rusiei nu reprezintă o alternativă. La un moment dat, Rusia va înţelege că nu este în interesul ei să ne confrunte, ci să coopereze cu noi. Suntem pregătiţi să facem asta, dacă ei respectă normele de bază ale comportamentului international”, a subliniat Secretarul General al Alianţei Nord-Atlantice.
Stoltenberg a precizat că NATO susţine poziţia Marii Britanii după otrăvirea fostului spion rus Serghei Skripal.
”Nu avem niciun motiv să ne îndoim de ancheta şi de declaraţiile făcute de către Guvernul britanic, mai ales că acestea vin în contextul comportamentului nesăbuit al Rusiei din ultimii ani”, a afirmat Stoltenberg.
Marea Britanie a decis expulzarea a 23 de diplomaţi ruşi în contextul crizei generate de atacul neurotoxic, atribuit Rusiei, care l-a vizat pe un fost agent rus şi pe fiica acestuia. Moscova a negat orice implicare.
La 4 martie, Serghei Skripal, fost colonel în cadrul serviciului militar rus de informaţii (GRU), şi fiica lui de 33 de ani, Iulia, au fost găsiţi inconştienţi în oraşul Salisbury, situat la circa 100 de kilometri vest de Londra. Cei doi continuă să fie în stare critică.
În 2006, Serghei Skripal a fost condamnat la închisoare în Rusia pentru spionaj în favoarea Marii Britanii. Agentul a fost găsit vinovat de legături cu serviciul britanic de informaţii externe (MI6). Ulterior, acesta a primit azil în Marea Britanie, scrie Mediafax.
Since Russia began its illegal military intervention in Ukraine, Russian officials have accused NATO of a series of mythical provocations, threats and hostile actions stretching back over 25 years. This webpage sets out the facts.
Myths
- Top myths
- Claim: NATO whips up ‘hysteria’ over Russia’s exercises
- Claim: NATO wants to prepare Europe’s civilian infrastructure to start a war
- Claim: NATO’s presence in the Baltic region is dangerous and unpopular
- Claim: NATO violates the Non-Proliferation Treaty
- Claim: NATO missile defence threatens Russian security
- NATO’s Cooperation with Russia
- NATO enlargement
- Claim: NATO enlargement threatens Russia
- Claim: NATO’s Open Door policy creates new dividing lines in Europe and deepens existing ones
- Claim: NATO enlargement in the Balkans is destabilizing
- Claim: NATO tried to “drag” Ukraine into the Alliance
- Claim: Russia has the right to demand a “100% guarantee” that Ukraine will not join NATO
- Claim: NATO provoked the “Maidan” protests in Ukraine
- Claim: NATO was planning to base ships and missiles in Crimea
- Claim: NATO set up a military base in Georgia
- Claim: NATO has bases all around the world
- NATO and its attitude to Russia
- Claim: NATO is trying to encircle Russia
- Claim: NATO has a Cold War mentality
- Claim: NATO is a U.S. geopolitical project
- Claim: NATO’s purpose is to contain or weaken Russia
- Claim: NATO has tried to isolate or marginalise Russia
- Claim: NATO should have been disbanded at the end of the Cold War
- Claim: NATO enlargement followed the same process as the expansion of the USSR and the Warsaw Pact
- NATO as a “threat”
- Promises and pledges
- Claim: NATO’s enhanced forward presence violates the NATO-Russia Founding Act?
- Claim: NATO missile defence violates the INF Treaty
- Claim: Russia has the right to oppose NATO-supported infrastructure on the territory of member states in Central and Eastern Europe
- Claim: NATO’s response to Russia’s illegal actions in Ukraine violates the Founding Act
- Claim: NATO nuclear exercises violate the Non-Proliferation Treaty
- Claim: NATO promised at the time of German reunification that the Alliance would not expand to the East
- NATO’s operations
- Claim: NATO’s operation in Afghanistan was a failure
- Claim: The NATO-led mission in Afghanistan failed to stop the Afghan drugs trade
- Claim: NATO’s operation over Libya was illegitimate
- Claim: NATO’s operation over Kosovo was illegitimate
- Claim: The cases of Kosovo and Crimea are identical
- Claim: Russia’s annexation of Crimea was justified by the opinion of the International Court of Justice on the independence of Kosovo
- Claim: The Ukrainian authorities are illegitimate
Top myths
Fact: Every nation has the right to conduct exercises, but it is important that they are conducted transparently and in line with international obligations.
To promote transparency, members of the OSCE, including Russia, commit to follow the rules of the Vienna Document. If an exercise exceeds 9,000 personnel, it is subject to notification, and if it exceeds 13,000 personnel, observers from OSCE states must be invited to attend the exercise. Since the end of the Cold War, Russia has never opened an exercise to mandatory Vienna Document observation.
NATO’s concerns about exercise ZAPAD 2017 were a direct result of Russia’s lack of transparency. Both the scale and geographical scope of the exercise significantly exceeded what Russia had previously announced, including in the NATO-Russia Council. Allies made this clear to Russia at a meeting of the NATO-Russia Council in October 2017.
Russia has also used large snap exercises, including with tens of thousands of troops, to intimidate its neighbours. This practice raises tension and undermines trust. Russia’s intervention in Georgia in 2008 and illegal annexation of Crimea in 2014 were masked by snap exercises.
Fact: NATO is a defensive alliance, whose purpose is to protect our member states. Military mobility is key to deterrence in peacetime and key to our collective defence in times of crisis. NATO is working closely with Allies to ensure that our bridges, roads, ports and rail networks are capable of transporting military equipment and personnel across our Allies’ borders.
This is not a preparation for war. This is about updating the military requirements for civilian infrastructure at a time when we see increased challenges to our security, including as a result of Russia’s illegal annexation of Crimea and ongoing destabilisation of eastern Ukraine.
NATO is cooperating with Allies and the European Union to remove bureaucratic hurdles to allow us to move forces across Allied territory. This involves sharing information on standards, requirements, and any challenges related to civilian infrastructure. We are also working closely with national governments and the private sector to ensure that infrastructure in Allied territory remains in top condition.
Fact: NATO has taken defensive and proportionate measures in response to a changed security environment. Following Russia’s aggressive actions against Ukraine, Allies requested a greater NATO presence in the region.
NATO personnel meet Russian arms control inspectors at Estonia’s 1st Infantry Brigade in Tapa on 8 November 2017
In 2016, we deployed four multinational battlegroups ─ or “enhanced forward presence” ─ to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. In 2017, the battlegroups became fully operational. Troops from Europe and North America work very closely together with home defence forces. We hold all our forces to the highest standards of conduct, both on and off duty.
NATO’s presence in the region is at the specific request of the host nations, and enjoys significant public support. A 2016 Gallup poll found that most people in Allied countries in the Baltic region associate NATO with the protection of their country.
As part of NATO Allies’ ongoing commitment to transparency, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania hosted Russian arms control inspectors in November 2017. The inspectors toured a number of military sites, including some used by multinational NATO battlegroups.
Fact: At the Warsaw Summit in July 2016, Allies reaffirmed their full support for the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
Stationing of US nuclear weapons on the territories of our Allies is fully consistent with the NPT. These weapons remain under the custody and control of the United States at all times.
Furthermore, NATO’s nuclear arrangements predate the NPT. They were fully addressed when the treaty was negotiated.
Russia, however, has increased its nuclear rhetoric, stepped up nuclear exercises and regularly rehearses rapid nuclear escalation. Russia has also threatened to base nuclear-capable missiles in Kaliningrad and Crimea. Russia’s actions and rhetoric do not contribute to transparency and predictability.
Fact: NATO’s missile defence system is purely defensive and not directed against Russia. Bilateral agreements between the US and host nations do not allow missile sites to be used for any purpose other than missile defence.
This system defends against ballistic missiles from outside the Euro-Atlantic area. NATO’s missile defence system is neither intended nor capable of undermining Russia’s strategic deterrence capabilities.
NATO has attempted many times to cooperate with Russia on missile defence. Russian statements threatening to target Allies because of NATO’s ballistic missile defence are unacceptable and counterproductive.
NATO’s Cooperation with Russia
Fact: NATO suspended practical cooperation with Russia due to its aggressive actions in Ukraine. However, we continue to keep channels for political dialogue open. The NATO-Russia Council, an important platform for dialogue, has never been suspended. We have held six meetings since April 2016.
We have made progress this year, by addressing both force posture and military exercises, including through reciprocal briefings. This dialogue contributes to the predictability of our relations. We would welcome more briefings and transparency, particularly on upcoming military exercises.
NATO and Russia also maintain open military-to-military lines of communication, which aim to promote predictability and transparency in our military activities. We welcome the recent contacts between the Chairman of the Military Committee, General Petr Pavel; the Supreme Allied Commander Europe, General Curtis Scaparrotti, and the Russian Chief of Defence, General Valery Gerasimov.
Fact: In 2014, NATO suspended all practical cooperation with Russia, in response to its aggressive actions in Ukraine. This cooperation included projects in Afghanistan, on counter-terrorism and scientific cooperation. These projects did deliver results over time, but their suspension has not undermined the security of the Alliance or our ability to counter challenges such as terrorism.
We have made it clear that we continue to seek a constructive relationship with Russia. But an improvement in the Alliance’s relations with Russia will be contingent on a clear and constructive change in Russia’s actions – one that demonstrates compliance with international law and Russia’s international commitments.
Fact: At the NATO-Russia Council on 13 July 2016, Russia presented several proposals, including on the use of transponders over the Baltic Sea. In response, Allies invited Russia to provide more details, while underlining that aviation safety is about more than the use of transponders – it’s about responsible airmanship and how aircraft fly.
To encourage a comprehensive discussion on air safety, NATO invited representatives of the former Baltic Sea Project Team (BSPT), and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to brief the NATO-Russia Council on 19 December 2016. Their work has made an important contribution towards improving air safety over the Baltic Sea.
To take this work forward, a Finnish-led Expert Group on Baltic Sea Air Safety was established. Their work so far is promising and the NATO Secretary General has welcomed this initiative:
NATO remains committed to work in this framework, to reduce air safety risks to civil and military flights. We look forward to further meeting of the Expert Group.
At the same time, we continue to call on Russia to implement existing rules and procedures for air safety and to engage in safe and responsible airmanship.
Fact: Initiated in 2009, the Stand-off Detection of Explosives (STANDEX) project was never frozen or suspended. It was completed according to schedule at the end of 2013.
STANDEX was a NATO Science for Peace and Security (SPS) project run by a consortium of laboratories and research institutes. Participants included France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Russia. The project brought together various techniques and technologies to allow for the detection, recognition, localisation and tracking of would-be suicide bombers in mass transportation.
STANDEX was a technology development project. As with all such developments, the eventual goal is a deployed system. NATO encouraged project participants to seek commercialisation of their technologies, and some are now commercially available.
NATO enlargement
Fact: Every country that joins NATO undertakes to uphold its principles and policies. This includes the commitment that “the Alliance does not seek confrontation and poses no threat to Russia,” as reaffirmed at the Warsaw Summit. NATO enlargement is not directed against Russia.
Every sovereign nation has the right to choose its own security arrangements. This is a fundamental principle of European security, one that Russia has also subscribed to and should respect. NATO’s Open Door policy has been a historic success. Together with EU enlargement, it has spread stability and prosperity in Europe since the fall of the Berlin Wall.
Fact: NATO’s Open Door policy has helped close Cold War-era divisions in Europe. NATO enlargement has contributed to spreading democracy, security and stability further across Europe.
By choosing to adopt the standards and principles of NATO, aspirant countries gave their democracies the strongest possible anchor. And by taking the pledge to defend NATO, they received the pledge that NATO would protect them.
NATO membership is not imposed on countries. Each sovereign country has the right to choose for itself whether it joins any treaty or alliance.
This fundamental principle is enshrined in international agreements including the Helsinki Final Act which says that every state has the right “to belong or not to belong to international organizations, to be or not to be a party to bilateral or multilateral treaties including the right to be or not to be a party to treaties of alliance.” And by signing the NATO-Russia Founding Act, Russia agreed to respect states’ “inherent right to choose the means to ensure their own security.”
Over the past 65 years, 29 countries have chosen freely, and in accordance with their domestic democratic processes, to join NATO. Not one has asked to leave. This is their sovereign choice. Article 13 of the Washington Treaty specifically gives Allies the right to leave should they wish to.
Fact: All the countries of Central and Eastern Europe which have joined NATO over the past decade have enjoyed peace, security and cooperation with their neighbours since then.
The countries in the region which aspire to membership are conducting reforms to bring themselves closer to NATO standards. These reforms enhance democracy and security in each country.
The countries in the region have played a significant role in NATO’s operations in Afghanistan and Kosovo, providing training to the Afghan forces and helping to provide a safe and secure environment for all people in Kosovo. This is a direct contribution to stability in the broader Euro-Atlantic area.
Fact: When the administrations of President Kuchma and President Yushchenko made clear their aspiration to NATO membership, the Alliance worked with them to encourage the reforms which would be needed to make that aspiration a reality.
When the administration of President Yanukovych opted for a non-bloc status, NATO respected that decision and continued to work with Ukraine on reforms, at the government’s request.
NATO respects the right of every country to choose its own security arrangements. In fact, Article 13 of the Washington Treaty specifically gives Allies the right to leave.
Over the past 65 years, 29 countries have chosen freely, and in accordance with their domestic democratic processes, to join NATO. Not one has asked to leave. This is their sovereign choice.
Fact: According to Article I of the Helsinki Final Act (here) which established the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in 1975, every country has the right “to belong or not to belong to international organizations, to be or not to be a party to bilateral or multilateral treaties including the right to be or not to be a party to treaties of alliance.” All the OSCE member states, including Russia, have sworn to uphold those principles.
In line with those principles, Ukraine has the right to choose for itself whether it joins any treaty of alliance, including NATO’s founding treaty.
Moreover, when Russia signed the Founding Act, it pledged to uphold “respect for sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of all states and their inherent right to choose the means to ensure their own security“.
Thus Ukraine has the right to choose its own alliances, and Russia has, by its own repeated agreement, no right to dictate that choice.
Fact: The demonstrations which began in Kiev in November 2013 were born out of Ukrainians’ desire for a closer relationship with the European Union, and their frustration when former President Yanukovych halted progress toward that goal as a result of Russian pressure.
The protesters’ demands included constitutional reform, a stronger role for the parliament, the formation of a government of national unity, an end to the pervasive and endemic corruption, early presidential elections and an end to violence. There was no mention of NATO.
Ukraine began discussing the idea of abandoning its non-bloc status in September 2014, six months after the illegal and illegitimate Russian “annexation” of Crimea and the start of Russia’s aggressive actions in Eastern Ukraine. The final decision by Ukraine’s Verkhovna Rada to abandon the non bloc status was taken in December 2014, over a year after the pro-EU demonstrations began.
Fact: This is fiction. The idea has never been proposed, suggested or discussed within NATO.
Fact: NATO agreed at the Wales Summit to offer Georgia a substantial package of assistance to strengthen Georgia’s defence and interoperability capabilities with the Alliance. In August 2015, a NATO-Georgian Joint Training and Evaluation Centre was inaugurated in Krtsanisi to contribute to the training and interoperability of Georgian and Alliance personnel.
This is a training centre, not a military base.
It contributes to stability by making Georgia’s armed forces more professional, and by reinforcing the democratic controls over them.
Fact: NATO’s military infrastructure outside the territory of Allies is limited to those areas in which the Alliance is conducting operations.
Thus the Alliance has military facilities in Afghanistan for the support of the Resolute Support mission, and in Kosovo for the KFOR mission.
NATO has civilian liaison offices in partner countries such as Georgia, Ukraine and Russia. These cannot be considered as “military bases”.
Individual Allies have overseas bases on the basis of bilateral agreements and the principle of host-nation consent, in contrast with Russian bases on the territory of Moldova (Transnistria), Ukraine (the Autonomous Republic of Crimea) and Georgia (the regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia).
NATO and its attitude to Russia
Fact: This claim ignores the facts of geography. Russia’s land border is just over 20,000 kilometres long. Of that, 1,215 kilometres, or less than one-sixteenth, face current NATO members.
Russia shares land borders with 14 countries (Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, North Korea). Only five of them are NATO members.
Outside NATO territory, the Alliance only has a military presence in two places: Kosovo and Afghanistan. Both operations are carried out with a United Nations mandate, and therefore carry the approval of Russia, along with all other Security Council members.
In contrast, Russia has military bases and soldiers in three countries – Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine – without the consent of their governments. In fact, we’ve seen new permanent deployments all along Russia’s western border with NATO Allies, from the Barents to the Baltic Sea, and from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean.
Fact: The Cold War ended over 20 years ago. It was characterized by the opposition of two ideological blocs, the presence of massive standing armies in Europe, and the military, political and economic domination by the Soviet Union of almost all its European neighbours.
The end of the Cold War was a victory for the people of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, and opened the way to overcoming the division of Europe. At pathbreaking Summit meetings in the years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Russia played its part in building a new, inclusive European security architecture, including the Charter of Paris, the establishment of the OSCE, the creation of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, and the NATO-Russia Founding Act.
Since the end of the Cold War, NATO has introduced sweeping changes to its membership and working practices – changes made clear by its adoption of new Strategic Concepts in 1999 and 2010. Accusations that NATO has retained its Cold War purpose ignore the reality of those changes.
Over the same period, NATO reached out to Russia with a series of partnership initiatives, culminating in the foundation of the NATO-Russia Council in 2002. No other country has such a privileged relationship with NATO.
As stated by NATO heads of state and government at the Warsaw Summit in July 2016, “the Alliance does not seek confrontation and poses no threat to Russia. But we cannot and will not compromise on the principles on which our Alliance and security in Europe and North America rest.” (The Warsaw Summit Communique can be read here).
This is NATO’s official policy, defined and expressed transparently by its highest level of leadership. As an organisation which is accountable to its member nations, NATO is bound to implement this policy.
Fact: NATO was founded in 1949 by twelve sovereign nations: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the United States. It has since grown to 29 Allies who each took an individual and sovereign decision to join this Alliance.
All decisions in NATO are taken by consensus, which means that a decision can only be taken if every single Ally accepts it.
Equally, the decision for any country to take part in NATO-led operations falls to that country alone, according to its own legal procedures. No member of the Alliance can decide on the deployment of any other Ally’s forces.
Fact: NATO’s purpose is set out in the preamble to the Washington Treaty, the Alliance’s Founding document (online here ).
This states that Allies are determined “to safeguard the freedom, common heritage and civilisation of their peoples, founded on the principles of democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law. They seek to promote stability and well-being in the North Atlantic area. They are resolved to unite their efforts for collective defence and for the preservation of peace and security.”
In line with those goals, in the past two decades NATO has led missions in the Balkans, Afghanistan, over Libya and off the Horn of Africa. The Alliance has conducted exercises from the Mediterranean to the North Atlantic and across Europe, and on issues ranging from counter-terrorism to submarine rescue – including with Russia itself.
None of these activities can credibly be presented as directed against Russia.
Fact: Since the early 1990s, the Alliance has consistently worked to build a cooperative relationship with Russia on areas of mutual interest.
NATO began reaching out, offering dialogue in place of confrontation, at the London NATO Summit of July 1990 (declaration here). In the following years, the Alliance promoted dialogue and cooperation by creating new fora, the Partnership for Peace (PfP) and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC), open to the whole of Europe, including Russia (PfP founding documents here and here).
After the conclusion of the Dayton Accords in 1995, Russian forces participated in the NATO-led operations to implement the peace agreement (IFOR and SFOR) and in the NATO-led operation to implement the peace in Kosovo (KFOR), under UN Security Council mandates.
In 1997 NATO and Russia signed the Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security, creating the NATO-Russia Permanent Joint Council. In 2002 they upgraded that relationship, creating the NATO-Russia Council (NRC). They reaffirmed their commitment to the Founding Act at NATO-Russia summits in Rome in 2002 and in Lisbon in 2010 (The Founding Act can be read here, the Rome Declaration which established the NRC here, the Lisbon NRC Summit Declaration here.)
Since the foundation of the NRC, NATO and Russia have worked together on issues ranging from counter-narcotics and counter-terrorism to submarine rescue and civil emergency planning. We set out to build a unique relationship with Russia, one built not just on mutual interests but also on cooperation and the shared objective for a Europe whole free and at peace. No other partner has been offered a comparable relationship, nor a similar comprehensive institutional framework.
Fact: At the London Summit in 1990, Allied heads of state and government agreed that “”We need to keep standing together, to extend the long peace we have enjoyed these past four decades“. This was their sovereign choice and was fully in line with their right to collective defence under the United Nations Charter.
Since then, thirteen more countries have chosen to join NATO. The Alliance has taken on new missions and adapted to new challenges, all the while sticking to its fundamental principles of security, collective defence, and decision-making by consensus.
Twice since the end of the Cold War, NATO has adopted new Strategic Concepts (in 1999and 2010), adapting to new realities. Thus, rather than being disbanded, NATO adapted, and continues to change, to live up to the needs and expectations of Allies, and to promote their shared vision of a Europe whole, free and at peace.
Fact: Any comparison between NATO enlargement after the end of the Cold War and the creation of the Warsaw Pact or the Soviet bloc at the end of World War II is an utter distortion of history.
The incorporation of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe into the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact after the Second World War was carried out under conditions of military occupation, one-party dictatorship and the violent suppression of dissent.
When the countries of Central and Eastern Europe applied for NATO membership after the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact, it was of their own free choice, through their own national democratic processes, and after conducting the required reforms.
This was done through debate, in peacetime conditions, and in a transparent way.
NATO as a “threat”
Fact: NATO is a defensive alliance, whose purpose is to protect our member states. Our exercises and military deployments are not directed against Russia – or any other country. Any claims that NATO is preparing an attack on Russia are absurd.
We announce our military exercises well in advance and they are subject to international observation. We notify Russia throughout the year about our exercises. In 2016, for example, Russian military experts visited 13 Allied exercises. This demonstrates the transparency of our military activities.
In direct response to Russia’s use of military force against its neighbours, NATO has deployed four multinational battlegroups to the Baltic States and Poland. These forces are rotational, defensive and proportionate. They cannot compare to the three divisions Russia has established in its Western Military and Southern Military Districts. Before Russia’s illegal annexation of Crimea, there were no plans to deploy Allied troops to the eastern part of the Alliance. Our aim is to prevent conflict, protect our Allies, and preserve the peace.
NATO remains open to meaningful dialogue with Russia. That is why we have held six meetings of the NATO-Russia Council since April 2016. Talking to Russia allows us to communicate clearly our positions. The crisis in and around Ukraine remains the first topic on our agenda. We will continue our dialogue, including with representatives of Russian civil society.
Fact: NATO has reached out to Russia consistently, transparently and publicly over the past 26 years.
The Alliance created unique cooperation bodies – the Permanent Joint Council and the NATO-Russia Council – to embody its relationship with Russia. It has invited Russia to cooperate on missile defence, an invitation extended to no other partner.
In the Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security, agreed with Russia in 1997 and reaffirmed at NATO-Russia summits in Rome in 2002 and in Lisbon in 2010, NATO stated that “in the current and foreseeable security environment, the Alliance will carry out its collective defence and other missions by ensuring the necessary interoperability, integration, and capability for reinforcement rather than by additional permanent stationing of substantial combat forces“. The Alliance has fulfilled all such commitments.
NATO’s official policy towards Russia was most recently articulated by the heads of state and government of the Alliance at the Warsaw Summit in July 2016.
They stated that “the Alliance does not seek confrontation and poses no threat to Russia. But we cannot and will not compromise on the principles on which our Alliance and security in Europe and North America rest.” (The Warsaw Summit Communique can be read here).
Thus, neither the Alliance’s policies nor its actions are a threat to Russia.
Fact: NATO’s missile defence system is not designed or directed against Russia. It does not pose a threat to Russia’s strategic deterrent.
As already explained by NATO Deputy Secretary General Alexander Vershbow, geography and physics make it impossible for the NATO system to shoot down Russian intercontinental missiles from NATO sites in Romania or Poland. Their capabilities are too limited, their planned numbers too few, and their locations too far south or too close to Russia to do so.
Russian officials have confirmed that the planned NATO shield will not, in fact, undermine Russia’s deterrent. Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin, Russia’s missile defence envoy, said on January 26, 2015, that “neither the current, nor even the projected” missile defence system “could stop or cast doubt on Russia’s strategic missile potential.”
Finally, the Russian claim that the framework agreement on Iran’s nuclear programme obviates the need for NATO missile defence is wrong on two counts.
The Iranian agreement does not cover the proliferation of ballistic-missile technology which is an issue completely different from nuclear questions.
Furthermore, NATO has repeatedly made clear that missile defence is not about any one country, but about the threat posed by proliferation more generally. In fact, over 30 countries have obtained, or are trying to obtain, ballistic missile technology. The Iran framework agreement does not change those facts.
Fact: Every country which joins NATO undertakes to uphold the principles and policies of the Alliance, and the commitments which NATO has already made.
This includes the commitment that NATO poses no threat to Russia, as most recently stated at the Warsaw Summit.
Therefore, as the number of countries which join NATO grows, so does the number of countries which agree that “the Alliance does not seek confrontation and poses no threat to Russia.”
Promises and pledges
Fact: Moscow accuses NATO of violating an important part of the 1997 NATO-Russia Founding Act related to new permanent stationing of forces. It’s called the “Substantial Combat Forces” pledge. That pledge stated that in the “current and foreseeable security environment” NATO would “carry out its collective defence…by ensuring the necessary interoperability, integration, and capability for reinforcement rather than by additional permanent stationing of substantial combat forces.”
NATO has fully abided by this pledge. The four multinational battlegroups deploying to the eastern part of our Alliance are rotational, defensive and well below any reasonable definition of “substantial combat forces.” There has been no permanent stationing of substantial combat forces on the territory of eastern allies; and total force levels across the Alliance have, in fact, been substantially reduced since the end of the Cold War.
Russia, which pledged to exercise “similar restraint” has increased the numbers of its troops along Allied borders, and breached agreements which allow for verification and military transparency, in particular on military exercises.
By signing the NATO-Russia Founding Act, Russia also pledged not to threaten or use force against NATO Allies and any other state. It has broken this commitment, with the illegal and illegitimate annexation of Crimea, the territory of a sovereign state. Russia also continues to support militants in eastern Ukraine.
Claim: NATO missile defence violates the INF Treaty
Fact: The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty) is a crucial element of Euro-Atlantic security. The United States, as a co-signatory, has made clear that the Aegis Ashore sites in Romania and Poland are fully compliant with the INF treaty.
The Aegis Ashore system deployed in Romania is purely defensive. The SM-3 interceptors deployed there cannot be used for offensive purposes. This is also true for the future Aegis Ashore site in Poland.
The bilateral agreements between the US and the two host nations, Romania and Poland, do not allow the sites to be used for any purposes other than missile defence.
NATO’s missile defence is strictly defensive and designed to protect European Allies against missile threats from outside the Euro-Atlantic area. It is not directed against Russia and will not undermine Russia’s strategic deterrence capabilities.
We have made this clear to Russian authorities many times and at the highest political levels. Russia did not respond positively to our many offers to cooperate on missile defence. In fact, Russia terminated this cooperative dialogue unilaterally in 2013.
Fact: The relationship between NATO and Russia is governed by the Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security, agreed by NATO Allies and Russia in 1997 and reaffirmed at NATO-Russia summits in Rome in 2002, and in Lisbon in 2010. (The Founding Act can be read here.)
In the Founding Act, the two sides agreed that: “in the current and foreseeable security environment, the Alliance will carry out its collective defence and other missions by ensuring the necessary interoperability, integration, and capability for reinforcement rather than by additional permanent stationing of substantial combat forces. Accordingly, it will have to rely on adequate infrastructure commensurate with the above tasks. In this context, reinforcement may take place, when necessary, in the event of defence against a threat of aggression and missions in support of peace consistent with the United Nations Charter and the OSCE governing principles, as well as for exercises consistent with the adapted CFE Treaty, the provisions of the Vienna Document 1994 and mutually agreed transparency measures. Russia will exercise similar restraint in its conventional force deployments in Europe.”
Therefore, both infrastructure and reinforcements are explicitly permitted by the Founding Act and therefore by Russia.
Fact: NATO has responded to the new strategic reality caused by Russia’s illegitimate and illegal actions in Ukraine by reinforcing the defence of Allies in Central and Eastern Europe, and by ensuring the ability to increase those reinforcements if necessary, including by upgrading infrastructure.
All this is consistent with the Founding Act, quoted above.
In the Founding Act, all signatories, including Russia, agreed on principles which include “refraining from the threat or use of force against each other as well as against any other state, its sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence in any manner inconsistent with the United Nations Charter and with the Declaration of Principles Guiding Relations Between Participating States contained in the Helsinki Final Act” and the “respect for sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of all states and their inherent right to choose the means to ensure their own security, the inviolability of borders and peoples’ right of self-determination as enshrined in the Helsinki Final Act and other OSCE documents.”
NATO has respected those commitments faithfully. Russia, on the other hand, has declared the annexation of Crimea, supported violent separatists in the east of the country, and insisted that Ukraine be barred from joining NATO.
Fact: At the Wales Summit in September 2014, Allies reaffirmed their full support for the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). NATO’s nuclear posture is fully consistent with the treaty.
At no point has NATO moved nuclear weapons to Eastern Europe. There have been no NATO nuclear exercises in the eastern part of the Alliance since the end of the Cold War.
It is Russia that has started to use its nuclear weapons as a tool in its strategy of intimidation. Russia has increased nuclear rhetoric and stepped up its nuclear exercises. Russian nuclear-capable bombers are flying close to Alliance borders. Russia has also threatened to base nuclear-capable missiles in Kaliningrad and Crimea.
This activity and this rhetoric do not contribute to transparency and predictability, particularly in the context of a changed security environment due to Russia’s aggressive actions in Ukraine.
Fact: NATO Allies take decisions by consensus and these are recorded. There is no record of any such decision having been taken by NATO. Personal assurances, from NATO leaders, cannot replace Alliance consensus and do not constitute formal NATO agreement.
NATO’s “open door policy” is based on Article 10 of the Alliance’s founding document, the North Atlantic Treaty (1949). The Treaty states that NATO membership is open to any “European state in a position to further the principles of this Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area”. It states that any decision on enlargement must be made “by unanimous agreement”. NATO has never revoked Article 10, nor limited the potential for enlargement.
Every sovereign nation has the right to choose its own security arrangements. This fundamental principle is enshrined in international agreements, including the Helsinki Final Act.
NATO’s operations
Fact: NATO took over the command of the UN-mandated International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan in 2003.
Under NATO’s command, the mission progressively extended throughout Afghanistan, was joined by 22 non-NATO countries and built up from scratch an Afghan National Security Force of more than 350,000 soldiers and police.
Threats to Afghanistan’s security continue. However, the Afghan forces are now ready to take full responsibility for security across the country, as agreed with the Afghan authorities.
NATO is providing training, advice and assistance to the Afghan forces through the “Resolute Support” mission.
Fact: As with any sovereign country, the primary responsibility for upholding law and order in Afghanistan, including as regards the trade in narcotics, rests with the Afghan government.
The international community is supporting the Afghan government to live up to this responsibility in many ways, including both through the United Nations and through the European Union.
NATO is not a main actor in this area. This role has been agreed with the international community.
The NATO-led operation was launched under the authority of two UN Security Council Resolutions (UNSCR), 1970 and 1973, both quoting Chapter VII of the UN Charter, and neither of which was opposed by Russia.
UNSCR 1973 authorized the international community “to take all necessary measures” to “protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack“. This is what NATO did, with the political and military support of regional states and members of the Arab League.
After the conflict, NATO cooperated with the UN International Commission of Inquiry on Libya, which found no breach of UNSCR 1973 or international law, concluding instead that “NATO conducted a highly precise campaign with a demonstrable determination to avoid civilian casualties.”
Fact: The NATO operation for Kosovo followed over a year of intense efforts by the UN and the Contact Group, of which Russia was a member, to bring about a peaceful solution. The UN Security Council on several occasions branded the ethnic cleansing in Kosovo and the mounting number of refugees driven from their homes as a threat to international peace and security. NATO’s Operation Allied Force was launched to prevent the large-scale and sustained violations of human rights and the killing of civilians.
Following the air campaign, the subsequent NATO-led peacekeeping operation, KFOR, which initially included Russia, has been under UN mandate (UNSCR 1244), with the aim of providing a safe and secure environment in Kosovo.
Fact: The Kosovo operation was conducted following exhaustive discussion involving the whole international community dealing with a long-running crisis that was recognized by the UN Security Council as a threat to international peace and security.
Following the operation, the international community engaged in nearly ten years of diplomacy, under UN authority, to find a political solution and to settle Kosovo’s final status, as prescribed by UNSCR 1244.
In Crimea, there was no pre-existing crisis, no attempt to discuss the situation with the Ukrainian government, no involvement of the United Nations, and no attempt at a negotiated solution.
In Kosovo, international attempts to find a solution took over 3,000 days. In Crimea, Russia annexed part of Ukraine’s territory in less than 30 days. It has sought to justify its illegal and illegitimate annexation, in part, by pointing to a “referendum” that was inconsistent with Ukrainian law, held under conditions of illegal armed occupation with no freedom of expression or media access for the opposition, and without any credible international monitoring.
Fact: The court stated that their opinion was not a precedent. The court said they had been given a “narrow and specific” question about Kosovo’s independence which would not cover the broader legal consequences of that decision.
Fact: Ukraine’s President Poroshenko was elected on 25 May with a clear majority in a vote which the OSCE characterized (report here) as showing the “clear resolve of the authorities to hold what was a genuine election largely in line with international commitments and with a respect for fundamental freedoms.” The only areas where serious restrictions were reported were those controlled by separatists, who undertook “increasing attempts to derail the process.”
The current parliament was elected on 26 October in a vote which the OSCE characterized (report here) as “an amply contested election that offered voters real choice, and a general respect for fundamental freedoms”. It again pointed out that “Electoral authorities made resolute efforts to organize elections throughout the country, but they could not be held in parts of the regions (oblasts) of Donetsk and Luhansk or on the Crimean peninsula”.
Finally, Russian officials continue to allege that the Ukrainian parliament and government are dominated by “Nazis” and “fascists.” However, in the parliamentary elections, the parties whom Russia labelled as “fascists” fell far short of the threshold of 5% needed to enter parliament. Ukraine’s electorate clearly voted for unity and moderation, not separatism or extremism, and the composition of the parliament reflects that.
In short, the President and parliament are legitimate, the actions of the separatists were not.
Ce treaba are rusia cu otravitii care erau in M.B.!?Cum sa ii otraveasca daca erau departe de tara lor!?
Nu cumva cei doi spioni au gresit paharele?! Nu cumva “motanul f… si el tipa”?! De obicei rusii se omoara intre eicompetitie prin ura si razbunare rapid)din cauza anumitor motive(aur,furaciuni,inselatorie,prostitutie,droguri,avion,elicopter,conturi grase +destule)!? Imi amintesc un caz de acum 5 ani si a trecut fara probleme,doar gurile au fost amenintatoare! Sa nu spun mai multe!
Un mesaj “tintit” sau intrebare la anchetele si neimplicarea marelui robot,privind facerile anterioare/unii cu dosare de 5-7-8 ani pedepsiti: Cum e posibil ca unii cu faceri cu ani in urma sa fie pedepsiti si cei care au siluit totul in ultimii doi ani si in ultimul an,sa fie ocolit?
– Asa se practica legea in tara asta?
Asta si nu numai acest exemplu dat,e linia pe care merg cetatenii violenti,care nu respecta legea! E cel mai perfect caz de luat ca exemplu pentru toti viitorii infractori! Deja au ceva vechime! Si se mai plange mafam blonda de la interne,sfanta,robotul ca sunt prea multi infractori,alcoolisti,penali!
Moaaaa… adica vezi doamne, toate tarile nato si in special sua trateaza spionii ei dezertori cu democracy dimineata la pranz si seara!:)) pai nenica, ala cand s-a facut spion stia la ce se expune. Te pomenesti ca UK si SUA pupa pe crestet spionii lor care dezerteaza:)
Cat l-au cautat englezii pe Philby! Cat l-au condamnat fara proces americanii pe Snowden, si ala nici macar nu era spion (sau nu dovedit macar).
Deci asta e viata de spion. Ce sa zic s-au ofuscat vestalele virgine din NATO.
Pai mai bine sa prinda spionii altora, ar fi mai constructiv pt noi si pt nato, zic.
Oricum, constat cu amaraciune ca e asa: rusia e activa, nato e pasiva. Totdeauna in istorie minoritatea activa a castigat, pt ca a avut motivatie!! (Vezi nazism, comunism, atacuri fundamentaliste islamice sau israeliene, daca ne referim si la perioada premergatoare formarii Israelului).
Pai cat timp nato doar reactioneaza doar, atunci bine.
Daca voi credeti ca SUA adera sincer la ideea de o UE puternica, care sa rivalizeze “cinstit” cu ea, militar, economic si pe zone de influenta, sunteti papagali!
Daca voi credeti ca Rusia defapt o sa castige in UE, iarasi sunteti papagali pt ca nu cumoasteti istorie si ce scalvie a adus slavismul.
Dar hei, de ce sa ne dorim o ue puternica? Lasa, mai bine-i pupam in cur ori pe unii ori pe altii, “aliati” sau “dusmani”.
Intre timp, nato ne invata ca daca spionii dezertori sunt anihilati de tara carora i-au jurat credinta e de porc. Pai daca e asa de porc, de ce-l vrem domne mort pe Pacepa?! De ce-l mai cautam pe Elan Schwartzenberg?! Nu mai bine ii pupam pe crestet?
E bine si asa. Da cu Snowden cum facem domne?! Eu creca ala se ascunde de americani pt ca aia i-au promis ca-l duc la Disneyland cand il prind…
pe kgb-istul de snowden sa-l iei tu acasa
Pai exact gandirea ta o au si aia care gandeau despre dezertorul rus. Deci dupa tine, faptul ca Snowden a dezvaluit ascultari in masa DUPA CARE Sua le-au anuntat public incetarea si au cerut scuze lui Merkel a fist un lucru rau, pt ca el “e kgbist”, corect?
cand o sa vad si ascultarile in masa ale Rusiei, o sa am alta parere…
”Izolarea Rusiei nu reprezintă o alternativă. La un moment dat, Rusia va înţelege că nu este în interesul ei să ne confrunte, ci să coopereze cu noi. Suntem pregătiţi să facem asta, dacă ei respectă normele de bază ale comportamentului international” ăsta e mesaj responsabil, nu extremista lui Tillerson.
Acele facts, cum s-ar spune, go both ways. Asta e just one.
Care dintre cele urmatoare două variante ar reprezenta,
cu responsabilitate, interesul international: reconcilierea sau afișarea forței?
Sigur, noi suntem mai puternici decat ei. Dar suntem pregătiți să transpunem în fapte?
Ne-am intoarce cu cel puțin 25 ani în urmă. Asta nu vrem și nici ei nu vor.
Ma bucura mult prostia spusa de oficialul american: “dacă ei respectă normele de bază ale comportamentului international”
Asta inseamna, presupun, ca americanii s-au decis, ei insisi, sa respecte “normele de bază ale comportamentului international”, ceea ce e o adevarata bomba de presa!
(Daca doriti sa va dau contraexemple, va ajut cu mare placere)
Daca, insa, respectiva afirmatie se refera la faptul ca “doar americanii are (!) voie” (ceea ce mi se pare mult mai probabil!), ramine doar sa ma intreb de ce americanii isi distrug, cu buna stiinta, propria imagine, mult mai eficient decit ar face-o rusii, de exemplu!